Guess that makes me doubly happy to see how healthy my shepherds leathers are. They will withstand -40 with no problems whatsoever since we get a lot of those low temps out here. Even my son's two borders don't need boots. Counting my blessings here. Our dogs are gone for a 2 hr hike right now and it's -28. But as I said , I don't let them lick their paws if they have trotted on salted roads.