1 b) Amazon River
2 b) The Pythagorean theorem, if you mean "a squared plus b squared equals c squared", am I reading it right?
3 b) Mesopotamia
4 b) The Bill of Rights
5 d) Homer
6 b) Miosis
7 c) 18th century
8 d) πr2 (pi * radius squared)
9 d) The New Deal
10 c) 6

*totally guessing on the biology and chemistry ones!*