We've trained our three to be responsive without treats. We also do practice a human over dog dominance, including alpha rolls, etc. We do also reward with treats as well though. I can ask any of them for a paw, tell them to sit, leave the room, lay down, go in a crate, etc without a treat in my hand. I think it has a lot to do with eye contact and we snap fingers as well. I think they're just as happy to shake or high five and get a pat on the head as opposed to a treat. We are by no way aggressive, overly physical or mean, its just a Who's Boss kind of thing we do. And they have all learned at different stages in life, so even if you do end up getting an older (out of puppyhood) dog, it is possible.

Must be exciting looking forward to a new dog! I'm jealous I must say.. would love to add another one to our home.. but our neighbors wouldnt be happy.