Cats scratch posts and furniture to leave scent marks and to keep the muscles that operate the claws toned and excersised. It is instinctive and removing the claws does not remove the instinct.
If you are asking the difference between circumsision and declawing - one is done to humans usually on religious grounds and is a tradition then carried on through many generations. The circumsised of one generation circumsise the following one. It is a cultural choice. As far as we know cats do not have a religion that requires declawing and they certainly do not do it to their kittens.
If your are asking the difference regarding neutering - we have created the domestic cat and in such numbers that many have no home, insufficient food and medical care and it is up to us to rectify the situation. We could ban cat ownership and set up major programmes to get rid of the vast feral cat population until such time as strays are a thing of the past. Or we could neuter our animals to ensure that only kits with responsible, loving homes waiting for them are born. This would end the misery and suffering of millions of animals and save millions in animal control and rescue.