One last comment about crate training as it relates to housebreaking. My son's ex-wife had a male pekingese who was over 2 years old when they were married. She had not been successful in training this pup. He had lots of "mistakes" whether she was home or not. After she and my son were married I suggested they take our old crate that was no longer being used. They began using the crate during the day when they were at work. Presto! In no time at all this dog was not making mistakes in the house any more and this was accomplished on a dog that was far from the puppy stage. I, too, firmly believe that crates have their function. Sorry, Carrie, you know I hold you in very high regard but we differ here a bit.