I feel like to almost all of those questions I could have answered yes or no equally. These were definite yes' though:
Deadlines seem to you to be of relative, rather than absolute, importance
YES
After prolonged socializing you feel you need
to get away and be alone
YES
Qualitative analysis of your type formula
You are:
moderately expressed introvert
slightly expressed intuitive personality
slightly expressed thinking personality
slightly expressed perceiving personality

According to Joe Butt. [quote]INTPs are pensive, analytical folks. They may venture so deeply into thought as to seem detached, and often actually are oblivious to the world around them.

Precise about their descriptions, INTPs will often correct others (or be sorely tempted to) if the shade of meaning is a bit off. While annoying to the less concise, this fine discrimination ability gives INTPs so inclined a natural advantage as, for example, grammarians and linguists.[/qoute]
yes, that would be me, except I seem to be hopelessly AWARE of my surroundings to the point that I need to become less, yet I have a very hard time picking something in particular out of a list or group of objects.
This is where they couldn't be more WRONG!
Mathematics is a system where many INTPs love to play, similarly languages, computer systems--potentially any complex system. INTPs thrive on systems. Understanding, exploring, mastering, and manipulating systems can overtake the INTP's conscious thought. This fascination for logical wholes and their inner workings is often expressed in a detachment from the environment, a concentration where time is forgotten and extraneous stimuli are held at bay. Accomplishing a task or goal with this knowledge is secondary.

INTPs and Logic -- One of the tipoffs that a person is an INTP is her obsession with logical correctness. Errors are not often due to poor logic -- apparent faux pas in reasoning are usually a result of overlooking details or of incorrect context.

Games NTs seem to especially enjoy include Risk, Bridge, Stratego, Chess, Go, and word games of all sorts. (I have an ENTP friend that loves Boggle and its variations. We've been known to sit in public places and pick a word off a menu or mayonnaise jar to see who can make the most words from its letters on a napkin in two minutes.) The INTP mailing list has enjoyed a round of Metaphore, virtual volleyball, and a few 'finish the series' brain teasers.
Math has almost become a phobia for me, ok not almost, it is. I am reduced to tears in front of my Algebra book. (Something I am working on) I also hate brain teasers, they're stupid and pointless. If I wanted to excesize my brain I could be reading up on genetics.