Sudilar
05-16-2001, 01:52 PM
This was posted on one of the other Pet Forums I'm on. I thought it was interesting.
What Do Those Barks Mean? To Dogs, It's All Just Talk
By MARK DERR
The popular understanding of dog barking is almost like a silly riddle: Why do dogs bark? Because they can.
But a small band of researchers around the world, trying to separate fact from speculation, are finding that dogs almost always bark for a reason, even if that reason isn't apparent to humans.
The bark has evolved into a complicated means of communication between dogs and, potentially, between dogs and people, say a
group of animal behaviorists, or ethologists, that includes Dr. Dorit Feddersen-Petersen at Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germany.
Most wild canids, including wolves, dogs'nearest relatives, bark as a form of close-range communication, researchers say.
The wolf's bark — one of a number of basic vocal sounds, including hauntingly harmonic howls — is short, low-pitched and gruff, often described as "noisy" because it lacks harmonic or tonal qualities identified with more musical vocalizations. The bark is usually associated with defense of den or pups, a warning to back off, a protest, threat or an actual attack, Dr.
Feddersen-Petersen said in an e- mail interview.
By comparison, dogs are virtuoso barkers, capable of flights of sonic fancy. Dog barks can be noisy, harmonic or a combination of the two, depending on their context and purpose, said Dr. Feddersen-Petersen. Last year in The Archives of Animal Breeding, an international journal, she published the results of a study comparing vocalizations in 11 European wolves and 84 dogs from nine breeds, including poodles, Weimaraners, American Staffordshire terriers, German shepherds, Alaskan malamutes, bull terriers and Kleiner Münsterländers.
The results, she reported, graphically portray how different barks express different emotions, including loneliness, fear, distress, stress and pleasure, as well as a need for care among puppies — and serve to alert other dogs, people or animals to
changing external circumstances.
"This work on barking is extremely careful and extremely important because it calls attention to the complex social life of dogs that we have barely begun to comprehend," said Dr. Marc Bekoff, an ethologist at the University of Colorado, who studies canids and cognition in animals.
Noisy barks, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen explained, relate to "defensive and offensive threats, social insecurity, physical distress." Harmonic barks, however, are used as a signal for social play, in active and passive submission to another dog or person and when making social contact.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen made recordings for her work while the dogs were engaged in normal behavior, so she was able over repeated sessions to observe how dogs were barking in specific situations. After a while, she said, she began to be able to tell what a dog was doing by its bark.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen also recorded mixed play barking among German shepherds, poodles and Weimaraners that had noisy and harmonic components, and a "noisy play bark" among American Staffordshire terriers and bull terriers that indicated a turn on the part of the dogs from play to more aggressive behavior.
Like many canid vocalizations, these barks are often associated with physical cues, like a wrinkling of the brow, staring, raised hackles, pinned back ears, an upright or lowered tail and other submissive or threatening postures, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen said. But, she noted, in a wide range of breeds physical expression is limited because of the lack of a tail, floppy ears and other physical characteristics.
A few breeds, like the poodle and the American Staffordshire terrier, appear limited in their vocal repertory, she added, although none as severely as the barkless basenji.
In fact, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen recorded as many as a dozen variations of some types of barking among several of the breeds she tested, including the German shepherd and Alaskan malamute. She said the often subtle variations corresponded to "dialects" and were used by dogs in identical situations at different times, for reasons not yet clear.
Working independently, Dr. Karen Overall, director of the behavior clinic at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, and her collaborators, Dr. Arthur Dunham, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, and
Dr. Leslie Agulnick, a veterinarian in private practice, examined the barks of 30 dogs to determine whether there were identifiable sonic differences between the bark of a distressed or stressed dog, as seen when one is left at home all day and suffering separation anxiety, and an unstressed dog wanting, for example, to go out.
The researchers, whose results are under review for publication, said they found distinctive differences. The bark of a distressed or stressed dog is high-pitched, atonal and repetitive, Dr. Overall said, while those of unstressed dogs are more harmonic. The findings, which appear to agree with those of Dr. Feddersen-Petersen, have obvious value to animal behaviorists trying to determine whether a tireless barker is responding to some external event or expressing its feelings on being left at home alone.
"The single biggest underappreciated part of dog behavior is that much of what dogs do is about soliciting information," Dr. Overall said. "They want confirmation of what is happening or want to test a hypothesis. Barking is a means of doing that."
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen speculated that during domestication dogs "evolved new sound units, their vocal communication got much more important for conflict solving, establishing a social state and other demands of social life."
Discovering why and how that happened and examining the differences in barking between breeds and between individual dogs are among the issues researchers must still address. Another, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen said, involves studying the degree to which dogs and people understand those barks.
Dr. Overall said researchers also needed to study the apparent capacity of dogs to apply barks to different contexts and objects. For example, she said, her Australian shepherd, Flash, has a separate bark for each species that visits the backyard —
fox, deer, woodchuck and the neighbor's cat.
Dr. Michael W. Fox, a bioethicist with the Humane Society of the United States, who has conducted studies of dog and wild canid vocalizations, said free-ranging dogs he had studied on a wildlife preserve in southern India had separate barks for
elephants, humans, monkeys, other dogs and strange cats.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen agreed that dogs were capable of such feats and more. "Dogs call individual dogs with individual barks," she said. "There are many interesting facts `sleeping' in our dogs' vocalizations."
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What Do Those Barks Mean? To Dogs, It's All Just Talk
By MARK DERR
The popular understanding of dog barking is almost like a silly riddle: Why do dogs bark? Because they can.
But a small band of researchers around the world, trying to separate fact from speculation, are finding that dogs almost always bark for a reason, even if that reason isn't apparent to humans.
The bark has evolved into a complicated means of communication between dogs and, potentially, between dogs and people, say a
group of animal behaviorists, or ethologists, that includes Dr. Dorit Feddersen-Petersen at Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germany.
Most wild canids, including wolves, dogs'nearest relatives, bark as a form of close-range communication, researchers say.
The wolf's bark — one of a number of basic vocal sounds, including hauntingly harmonic howls — is short, low-pitched and gruff, often described as "noisy" because it lacks harmonic or tonal qualities identified with more musical vocalizations. The bark is usually associated with defense of den or pups, a warning to back off, a protest, threat or an actual attack, Dr.
Feddersen-Petersen said in an e- mail interview.
By comparison, dogs are virtuoso barkers, capable of flights of sonic fancy. Dog barks can be noisy, harmonic or a combination of the two, depending on their context and purpose, said Dr. Feddersen-Petersen. Last year in The Archives of Animal Breeding, an international journal, she published the results of a study comparing vocalizations in 11 European wolves and 84 dogs from nine breeds, including poodles, Weimaraners, American Staffordshire terriers, German shepherds, Alaskan malamutes, bull terriers and Kleiner Münsterländers.
The results, she reported, graphically portray how different barks express different emotions, including loneliness, fear, distress, stress and pleasure, as well as a need for care among puppies — and serve to alert other dogs, people or animals to
changing external circumstances.
"This work on barking is extremely careful and extremely important because it calls attention to the complex social life of dogs that we have barely begun to comprehend," said Dr. Marc Bekoff, an ethologist at the University of Colorado, who studies canids and cognition in animals.
Noisy barks, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen explained, relate to "defensive and offensive threats, social insecurity, physical distress." Harmonic barks, however, are used as a signal for social play, in active and passive submission to another dog or person and when making social contact.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen made recordings for her work while the dogs were engaged in normal behavior, so she was able over repeated sessions to observe how dogs were barking in specific situations. After a while, she said, she began to be able to tell what a dog was doing by its bark.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen also recorded mixed play barking among German shepherds, poodles and Weimaraners that had noisy and harmonic components, and a "noisy play bark" among American Staffordshire terriers and bull terriers that indicated a turn on the part of the dogs from play to more aggressive behavior.
Like many canid vocalizations, these barks are often associated with physical cues, like a wrinkling of the brow, staring, raised hackles, pinned back ears, an upright or lowered tail and other submissive or threatening postures, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen said. But, she noted, in a wide range of breeds physical expression is limited because of the lack of a tail, floppy ears and other physical characteristics.
A few breeds, like the poodle and the American Staffordshire terrier, appear limited in their vocal repertory, she added, although none as severely as the barkless basenji.
In fact, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen recorded as many as a dozen variations of some types of barking among several of the breeds she tested, including the German shepherd and Alaskan malamute. She said the often subtle variations corresponded to "dialects" and were used by dogs in identical situations at different times, for reasons not yet clear.
Working independently, Dr. Karen Overall, director of the behavior clinic at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, and her collaborators, Dr. Arthur Dunham, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, and
Dr. Leslie Agulnick, a veterinarian in private practice, examined the barks of 30 dogs to determine whether there were identifiable sonic differences between the bark of a distressed or stressed dog, as seen when one is left at home all day and suffering separation anxiety, and an unstressed dog wanting, for example, to go out.
The researchers, whose results are under review for publication, said they found distinctive differences. The bark of a distressed or stressed dog is high-pitched, atonal and repetitive, Dr. Overall said, while those of unstressed dogs are more harmonic. The findings, which appear to agree with those of Dr. Feddersen-Petersen, have obvious value to animal behaviorists trying to determine whether a tireless barker is responding to some external event or expressing its feelings on being left at home alone.
"The single biggest underappreciated part of dog behavior is that much of what dogs do is about soliciting information," Dr. Overall said. "They want confirmation of what is happening or want to test a hypothesis. Barking is a means of doing that."
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen speculated that during domestication dogs "evolved new sound units, their vocal communication got much more important for conflict solving, establishing a social state and other demands of social life."
Discovering why and how that happened and examining the differences in barking between breeds and between individual dogs are among the issues researchers must still address. Another, Dr. Feddersen-Petersen said, involves studying the degree to which dogs and people understand those barks.
Dr. Overall said researchers also needed to study the apparent capacity of dogs to apply barks to different contexts and objects. For example, she said, her Australian shepherd, Flash, has a separate bark for each species that visits the backyard —
fox, deer, woodchuck and the neighbor's cat.
Dr. Michael W. Fox, a bioethicist with the Humane Society of the United States, who has conducted studies of dog and wild canid vocalizations, said free-ranging dogs he had studied on a wildlife preserve in southern India had separate barks for
elephants, humans, monkeys, other dogs and strange cats.
Dr. Feddersen-Petersen agreed that dogs were capable of such feats and more. "Dogs call individual dogs with individual barks," she said. "There are many interesting facts `sleeping' in our dogs' vocalizations."
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